The final for Anthropology 5 is scheduled for Wednesday, December 17 at 6:30 in Arts Annex 181 and is worth 100 points. Twenty-five will be devoted to multiple choice and twenty-five are true/false. In addition, there will be ten matching and two twenty point in-class essays.

Terms to study: tell, industries, stele, maize, primary context, stratigraphy, structures, ecofacts, law of association, matrix, features, provenience

Much of the final is devoted to the American civilizations (Maya, Aztec, Inca)). About 25% of the test questions are devoted to other civilizations studied in the class (Mesopotamian, Egypt, India, China, Minoa, Rome). Those questions are drawn from previous tests.

Teotihuacán: Size, location, family living

Maya: Dates of the Classic period, relationship to Olmecs, the jaguar, social hierarchy, date of last stone inscription, calendars, political system and control by city-states

Aztec: location and design of Tenochtitlán, the Pochteca, Calpullis, Pipiltin, Cortés and Montezuma, the 52 year calendar

Inca: Dates of early occupation of South America’s west coast, The Moche, Inca dates, stonework, apos, ayllu, Machu Picchu, Cuzco, the vertical archipelago, stone fortresses, fall of the Inca against the Spanish

First essay pertains to American civilizations. Plan to answer ONE of the following three:

___How did the Inca civilization achieve such greatness without writing? What internal systems allowed it to succeed?

___Describe the noteworthy designs and engineering of Tenochtitlán. Include the canals, Lake Texcoco, islands and pyramids.

___What factors contributed to Cortés and his soldiers taking the mighty Aztec empire in a short span of time?

The second essay pertains to a course overview. Plan to answer ONE of the following three:

___Why does it seem that mass violence and terror are a hallmark of ancient civilization? What are the social/technological/cultural ingredients that make bloody conflict common?

___Explain how public ritual maintained the public order of ancient civilizations. Ritual is still vitally important to the modern state, but it seems to have declined relative to Egypt or Maya, to cite just two examples. Archaeological evidence such as structures, paintings and/or portable artifacts and funeral offerings would come in handy for this question.

___It seems that all civilizations rise, flourish and decline. Compare explanations for the destruction of ancient civilizations and identify similar warning signs that may exist today. Are we doomed to repeat the mistakes of our “civilized” ancestors?

Bring a #2 pencil, extra paper and a pen.