PARTS OF SPEECH

	NOUN	VERB	ADJECTIVE	ADVERB
DEFINITIION	The name of a person, place or thing	(Doing Word) Names an action or state of being.	Describes A Noun	Modifies A Verb
POSITION	1) After noun Markers: The_____ His _____ One _____ Those ___ “A _____” 2) Before a verb ______ is ______walks	1) Let’s______. Let’s ______it. 2) Infinitive: to ___________	1) Between determiner and noun. The___thing. 2) After linking verb “That person is very ________.”	Markers: more most very quite too Flexible (within given rules)
FORM	1) May show plural by adding s 2) Shows possession by adding ‘s or s’	1) Shows tense, voice, aspect and mood 2)Endings -s, -ed, -ing, -en/ed 3)Suffixes: -fy ,–ate 4)Prefixes: em-,en-, be-	1) Comparison: -er (more) –est (most) 2) Suffixes: -ful, -ive, -ous, -ed,-ed, -ible, -able,-ing	Suffix: -ly
FUNCTION	What? Who?	Did what? Does what?	What kind? Which one?	How? When? Where?

VERBS

Tense:

A verb can give an idea about the time of its action and whether the action. This is achieved by the way the verbs in the sentence are 'marked' to show tense.

Voice:

The voice of a verb can be either active or passive.

ü The active voice is the most common and preferred in English usage. In an active clause the subject and object of the main verb are in their usual position, i.e. SVO, 'Alex caught the thief'

ü In a passive sentence, the object is transferred to the subject position, e.g. 'The thief was caught by Alex.'

This can have the effect of emphasizing the object or diminishing the effect of the subject. in fact, in a passive construction, the subject can be hidden completely, e.g. 'The thief was caught.'

Aspect and Mood:

ü The action of a verb may be complete (called 'perfect') or incomplete (called ' progressive', 'continuous' or 'imperfect'). This is called the 'aspect' of the verb and is shown by the use of auxiliaries (i.e. helper verbs) and inflections.

Look at these two sentences:

1) The cat sat on the mat.

2) The cat was sitting on the mat.

In the second, the continuous aspect of the verb (shown by the inflection -ing) suggests that the action continued over a period of time.

ü Another important aspect of a verb is to show that its action is only potential. Using modality shows this aspect. A modal auxiliary is used to suggest this: could have slipped, might have had one too many, should have not been drinking,

Basic Sentence Patterns

1. Subject Verb.

Jim laughs.

Canaries sing.

The man escaped.

2. Subject Action Direct Object

Verb (Noun)

Jim drives a truck

Canaries eat seeds.

Citizens opposed the landfill.

3. Subject Linking Subject Complement

Verb (noun, pronoun or adjective)

Garbage is a problem.

It is I on the phone.

She is friendly.

4. Subject Action Indirect Direct

Verb Object Object

(noun or pronoun) (noun)

The observer told his supervisor the story.

The girl gave him her cookie

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

FANBOYS (tip)

Logical Relationship Example Sentence

For	result/cause
And	addition
Nor	addition of negatives
But	contrast
Or	alternative
Yet	contrast
So	cause/effect

Punctuation Pattern: Sentence + comma + Coordinator + Sentence

SUBORDINATORS

Subordinator Logical Relationship

although, though, even though, while, whereas	contrast
because, since	result/cause
if	condition
unless	condition
before, after, when, whenever, until, as soon as	time

Punctuation Patterns: Subordinate clause + comma + independent clause or independent clause + subordinate clause (no comma)

Expository Paragraph Structure Signal Words and Phrases

Words that signal definition:

refers to consists of means

in other words (i.e.) is equal to synonymous with

Words that signal example:

for example (e.g.) such as including

for instance is like to illustrate

Words that signal simple listing or addition of ideas:

also in addition moreover

another furthermore finally

Words that signal sequential listing:

first before later

second (etc.) then since

finally now next

following previously also

Words that signal analysis:

consider investigate this means

analyze the first part examine

suggests

Words that signal comparison/contrast:

in contrast however but

on the other hand whereas yet

similarly like contrary

although conversely while

just as nevertheless

Words that signal a cause-effect relationship

because hence due to

for as a result thus

therefore consequently this lead to

if…..then since so that

Combining Sentences

Find as many ways as you can to combine each of the following sentence groups into one sentence. Include all the ideas that are there, but collapse sentences into words or phrases if you wish. You may also add words (subordinating conjunctions, for example, or coordinating conjunctions like and) that will help you combine the ideas.

1. I watched a little girl.

She was carrying a big shopping bag.

I felt sorry for her.

I offered to help.

2. My family was huge.

My family met at my grandparents’ houses every holiday.

There were never enough chairs.

I always had to sit on the floor.

3. Computers save time.

Many businesses are buying them.

There were never enough chairs.

Sometimes they don’t realize that.

4. All their lives they have lived with their father.

Their father is a politician.

He is powerful.

He has made lots of enemies.

5. She wanted to be successful.

She worked day and night.

She worked for a famous advertising agency.

Eventually she became a vice-resident.

6. He really wants to go skiing.

He has decided to go to a beach resort in California.

His sister lives in the beach resort.

He hasn’t seen her for ten years.